Influenza Hemagglutinin-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies for Preventing and Treating Influenza Virus Infection

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/405,100 filed Oct. 20, 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD

The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection.

BACKGROUND

The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza.

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains.

Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding.

In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. In another embodiment, the neutralizing antibody is a monoclonal antibody such as a mouse antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, or a fragment thereof.

In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin.

In yet another embodiment, the neutralizing antibody is produced by hybridoma HA-3 (ATCC accession number ______). In yet another embodiment, the neutralizing antibody is produced by hybridoma HA-7 (ATCC accession number ______).

Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin.

Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the percentage of neutralization by HA-targeting MAbs of H5N1 pseudovirus expressing HA of A/Xinjiang/1/2006 (XJ-HA), as measured by pseudovirus neutralization assay. The dilution of the MAbs is 1:450.

FIG. 2 depicts the percentage of neutralization by HA-targeting MAbs of H5N1 pseudovirus expressing A/Qinghai/59/05 (QH-HA), as measured by pseudovirus neutralization assay. The dilution of the MAbs is 1:450.

FIG. 3 depicts the percentage of neutralization by HA-targeting MAbs of H5N1 pseudovirus expressing HA of A/Anhui/1/2005 (AH-HA), as measured by pseudovirus neutralization assay. The dilution of the MAbs is 1:450.

FIG. 4 depicts the percentage of neutralization by HA-targeting MAbs of H5N1 pseudovirus expressing HA of A/Hong Kong/156/97 (HK-HA), as measured by pseudovirus neutralization assay. The dilution of the MAbs is 1:450.

FIG. 5 depicts the percentage of neutralization by HA-targeting MAbs of H5N1 pseudovirus expressing HA of A/VietNam/1194/2004 (1194-HA), as measured by pseudovirus neutralization assay. The dilution of the MAbs is 1:450.

FIG. 6 depicts the percentage of neutralization by MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 at two concentrations of H5N1 pseudovirus expressing HA of five different strains, as measured by pseudovirus neutralization assay.

FIG. 7 depicts the survival rate of MAbs HA-3- and HA-7-treated mice infected with a lethal dose of A/VietNam/1194/2004 (VN/1194) H5N1 virus. The control mice were treated with a MAb targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

FIG. 8 depicts the survival rate of MAbs HA-3- and HA-7-treated mice infected with a lethal dose of A/Shenzhen/406H/06 (SZ/406H) H5N1 virus. A MAb targeting the RBD of SARS-CoV was used as the control.

FIG. 9 depicts the body weight change of MAbs HA-3- and HA-7-treated mice infected with lethal dose of VN/1194 H5N1 virus. A MAb targeting the RBD of SARS-CoV was used as the control.

FIG. 10 depicts the body weight change of MAbs HA-3- and HA-7-treated mice infected with lethal dose of SZ/406H H5N1 virus. A MAb targeting the RBD of SARS-CoV was used as the control.

FIG. 11 depicts the quantification of viral RNA in H5N1 virus-infected lung tissue of mice injected with MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 by quantitative real-time PCR. A MAb targeting the RBD of SARS-CoV was used as the control. The limit of detection was 1.5.

FIG. 12 depicts the ELISA detection of the reactivity of MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 with recombinant HA1 proteins respectively fused with the human Fc immunoenhancer (HA1-hFc), trimeric Fd sequences (HA1-Fd), or the Fd plus hFc (HA1-Fd-hFc), and HA1 protein without the hFc and Fd (HA1-His), as well as recombinant hIgG1-Fc2 protein (hFc), commercial human IgG Fc protein (IgG-Fc), Fd fused with HIV-1 gp41 (HIV-Fd), and SARS RBD protein. The dilution of the antibody was 1:3200.

FIG. 13 depicts the reactivity of MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 with inactivated influenza A viruses (IAVs), as measured by ELISA. The dilution of the antibody was 1:3200.

FIG. 14 depicts the detection of IgG subtypes of MAbs HA-3 and HA-7, as measured by ELISA, using recombinant HA1-His protein as the coating antigen. The dilution of the antibody was 1:3200.

FIG. 15 depicts epitope mapping of the MAbs HA-3 and HA-7, as measured by ELISA on plates coated with truncated recombinant HA1 protein fragments comprising the indicated portions of the HA1 region. The dilution of the antibody was 1:3200.

FIG. 16 depicts the reactivity of MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 with overlapping peptides covering the full-length HA protein of A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1), as measured by ELISA. The dilution of the antibody was 1:3200.

FIG. 17 depicts the reactivity of MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 with DTT-denatured recombinant HA1 proteins of different lengths, with the native HA1 proteins without DTT treatment as a comparison. The dilution of the antibody was 1:51200.

FIG. 18 depicts the binding of MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 to H5N1 pseudovirus, as measured by virus binding assay using QH-HA pseudovirus in virus-infected MDCK cells.

FIG. 19 depicts the binding of MAb HA-3 to H5N1 pseudovirus, as measured by post-attachment assay using QH-HA pseudovirus in virus-infected MDCK cells.

FIG. 20 depicts the binding of MAb HA-7 to H5N1 pseudovirus, as measured by post-attachment assay using QH-HA pseudovirus in virus-infected MDCK cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Development of universal neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with cross-protective immunity is crucial to prevent and treat influenza pandemics and epidemics caused by divergent strains of influenza A virus (IAV). Disclosed herein are protective neutralizing MAbs specific to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein (SEQ ID NO. 1)_of the H5N1 virus produced by immunizing mice with a recombinant protein encoding HA1 (SEQ ID NO. 2) of the A/Anhui/1/2005 (H5N1) strain fused with the trimeric motif foldon (Fd) (SEQ ID NO. 3) and the Fc portion of human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO. 4). Two of these MAbs (HA-3 and HA-7) have highly potent cross-neutralizing activity that neutralized infections with at least five strains of H5N1 pseudovirus expressing HA proteins, including homologous A/Anhui/1/2005 (AH-HA) and heterologous A/Xinjiang/1/2006 (XJ-HA), A/Qinghai/59/05 (QH-HA), A/Hong Kong/156/97 (HK-HA) and A/VietNam/1194/2004 (1194-HA) in a cell culture-based neutralization assay. ELISA-based epitope mapping analysis indicated that the neutralizing MAbs targeted the N-terminal of the HA1 region of H5N1 HA, a highly conserved region with >90% homology among hundreds of identified H5N1 isolates that cause human and non-human infections. These results indicate that the MAbs are potentially significant immunotherapeutics for prevention or treatment of IAV infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus.

Annually-occurring epidemics and pandemics caused by IAVs have claimed millions of lives worldwide. This has been seen most recently in the global outbreak of swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) H1N1 in 2009. Furthermore, the increasing number of influenza cases caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 makes it particularly important to develop effective preventative and immunotherapeutic measures against divergent IAVs, particularly avian H5N1. Among various antiviral agents, neutralizing MAbs are considered an essential passive immunotherapeutic having an immediate effect against influenza virus infection. Disclosed herein are two novel neutralizing MAbs targeting the highly conserved HA1 region of the HA protein of H5N1.

In embodiments disclosed herein, the HA sequences refer to HA or HA1 sequences of the following influenza viruses H5N1, H1N1, H3N2, H9N2 and the H1, H2, H3, H5, H7 and H9 strains.

Additionally, within the scope of the instant disclosure are chimeric, or antibody fragments with specificity for the epitope having 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% homology to amino acids +72-115 (SEQ ID NO. 15) of the influenza H5N1 virus HA1 domain and having virus neutralizing activity. In one embodiment, the monoclonal antibodies are antibodies HA-3 (produced by hybridoma HA-3 having ATCC accession number ______) and HA-7 (produced by hybridoma HA-7 having ATCC accession number ______).

TABLE 1 Amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO. 1 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA]: MEKIVLLLAIVSLVKSDQICIGYHANNSTEQVDTIMEKNVTVTHAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPL ILRDCSVAGWLLGNPMCDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKI QIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIH HSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFES NGNFIAPEYAYKIVKKGDSAIVKSEVEYGNCNTKCQTPIGAINSSMPFHNIHPLTIGECPKYVKSN KLVLATGLRNSPLRERRRKRGLFGAIAGFIEGGWQGMVDGWYGYHHSNEQGSGYAADKEST QKAIDGVTNKVNSIIDKMNTQFEAVGREFNNLERRIENLNKKMEDGFLDVWTYNAELLVLMENE RTLDFHDSNVKNLYDKVRLQLRDNAKELGNGCFEFYHKCDNECMESVRNGTYDYPQYSEEAR LKREEISGVKLESIGTYQILSIYSTVASSLALAIMVAGLSLWMCSNGSLQCRICI SEQ ID NO. 2 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1 +3-322]: ICIGYHANNSTEQVDTIMEKNVTVTHAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPM CDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGV SSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPT TYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKKG DSAIVKSEVEYGNCNTKCQTPIGAINSSMPFHNIHPLTIGECPKYVKSNKLVLATGLRNSPL SEQ ID NO. 3 [Foldon (Fd)]: GYIPEAPRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLSTFL SEQ ID NO. 4 [human IgG Fc (hFc)]: RSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDG VEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPR EPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK SEQ ID NO. 5 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+3-322)-Fd-hFc]: ICIGYHANNSTEQVDTIMEKNVTVTHAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPM CDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGV SSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPT TYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKKG DSAIVKSEVEYGNCNTKCQTPIGAINSSMPFHNIHPLTIGECPKYVKSNKLVLATGLRNSPL-GYI PEAPRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLSTFL-RSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWES NGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSP GK SEQ ID NO. 6 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+3-322)-hFc]: ICIGYHANNSTEQVDTIMEKNVTVTHAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPM CDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGV SSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPT TYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKKG DSAIVKSEVEYGNCNTKCQTPIGAINSSMPFHNIHPLTIGECPKYVKSNKLVLATGLRNSPL-RSD KTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNVVYVDGVEV HNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKL TVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK SEQ ID NO. 7 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+3-322)-Fd]: ICIGYHANNSTEQVDTIMEKNVTVTHAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPM CDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGV SSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPT TYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKKG DSAIVKSEVEYGNCNTKCQTPIGAINSSMPFHNIHPLTIGECPKYVKSNKLVLATGLRNSPL-GYI PEAPRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLSTFL SEQ ID NO. 8 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+3-322)-His]: ICIGYHANNSTEQVDTIMEKNVTVTHAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPM CDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGV SSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPT TYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKKG DSAIVKSEVEYGNCNTKCQTPIGAINSSMPFHNIHPLTIGECPKYVKSNKLVLATGLRNSPL-HHH HHH SEQ ID NO. 9 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1 +105-322]: LSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQ EDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILK PNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKKGDSAIVKSEVEYGNCNTKCQTPIGAINSSMPFHNIHPLTIG ECPKYVKSNKLVLATGLRNSPL SEQ ID NO. 10 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1 +105-259]: LSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQ EDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILK PNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK SEQ ID NO. 11 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1 +3-259]: ICIGYHANNSTEQVDTIMEKNVTVTHAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPM CDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGV SSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPT TYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK SEQ ID NO. 12 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1 +28-259]: HAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPMCDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCY PGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNT YPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNG QNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK SEQ ID NO. 13 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1 +45-259]: DGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPMCDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRI NHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDL LILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPN DAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK SEQ ID NO. 14 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1 +72-259]: NVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSAC PYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISV GTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK SEQ ID NO. 15 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1 +72-115]: NVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQ SEQ ID NO. 16 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+105-322)-Fd-hFc]: LSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQ EDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILK PNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKKGDSAIVKSEVEYGNCNTKCQTPIGAINSSMPFHNIHPLTIG ECPKYVKSNKLVLATGLRNSPL-GYIPEAPRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLSTFL-RSDKTHTCPPCPA PELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREE QYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSN KALPAPI EKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREE MTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK SEQ ID NO. 17 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+105-259)-Fd-hFc]: LSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQ EDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILK PNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK-GYIPEAPRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLSTFL-RSDKTHTCPPC PAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPR EEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSR EEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK SEQ ID NO. 18 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+3-259)-Fd-hFc]: ICIGYHANNSTEQVDTIMEKNVTVTHAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPM CDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGV SSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPT TYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK- GYIPEAPRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLSTFL-RSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMIS RTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNG KEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVE WESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSL SLSPGK SEQ ID NO. 19 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+28-259)-Fd-hFc]: HAQDILEKTHNGKLCDLDGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPMCDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCY PGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNT YPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNG QNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK-GYIPEAPRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLST FL-RSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYV DGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQ PREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFF LYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK SEQ ID NO. 20 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+45-259)-Fd-hFc]: DGVKPLILRDCSVAGWLLGNPMCDEFINVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRI NHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSACPYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDL LILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISVGTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPN DAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK-GYIPEAPRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLSTFL-RSDKTHTCPPCP APELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNVVYVDGVEVHNAKTKPRE EQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRE EMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQ QGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK SEQ ID NO. 21 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+72-259)-Fd-hFc]: NVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQIIPKSSWSDHEASSGVSSAC PYQGTPSFFRNVVWLIKKNNTYPTIKRSYNNTNQEDLLILWGIHHSNDAAEQTKLYQNPTTYISV GTSTLNQRLVPKIATRSKVNGQNGRMDFFWTILKPNDAINFESNGNFIAPEYAYKIVKK-GYIPE APRDGQAYVRKDGEWVLLSTFL-RSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPE VTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYK CKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG K SEQ ID NO. 22 [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) HA1(+72-115)-Fd-hFc]: NVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFNDYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQ-GYIPEAPRDGQAYVRKD GEWVLLSTFL-RSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHE DPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAP IEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTP PVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

For the generation of MAbs specific to HA1, BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized with a recombinant HA1-Fd-hFc protein (SEQ ID NO. 5) which comprised HA1 (residues +3-322 of H5N1 HA [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1)]) fused with a trimeric Fd sequence and an Fc immunoenhancer sequence (Fc of human IgG) for four weeks at 2 week intervals. Two MAbs exhibiting neutralizing activity (HA-3 and HA-7) were tested for passive protective immunity against two divergent strains of H5N1 virus. In addition, the MAbs were assayed by ELISA for specificity using recombinant HA1 proteins fused with Fd and hFc (HA1-Fd-hFc), Fd (HA1-Fd), hFc (HA1-hFc) or HA1 without Fd and Fc (HA1-His), and using recombinant human IgG1-Fc (hFc), commercial human IgG-Fc (IgG-Fc), Fd protein fused with HIV-gp41 (HIV-Fd), or SARS RBD protein as controls. These two MAbs were further tested by ELISA for reactivity with recombinant proteins containing different portions of the HA1 fusion protein (HA1-Fd-hFc) to determine the potential binding sites and map the epitopes of the MAbs. Furthermore, overlapping peptides covering the full-length HA protein of A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) were also used as the targets for the epitope mapping of the MAbs, as well as detection of the conformation of the MAbs. Additionally, the mechanism of these two neutralizing MAbs was further analyzed using virus binding and post-attachment assays.

Two of the 25 antibodies, designated HA-3 and HA-7, contained high titers of neutralizing activity that neutralized not only the homologous AH-HA strain but also heterologous H5N1 strains of XJ-HA, QH-HA, HK-HA and 1194-HA. Both MAbs were able to completely protect vaccinated mice against two H5N1 live viruses of divergent strains. The above results demonstrate that these two antibodies are effective against divergent strains of IAVs. In addition, epitope analysis indicated that these MAbs exhibited strong reactivity against recombinant HA1 fusion proteins containing residues +3-322 (SEQ ID NO. 2), +3-259 (SEQ ID NO. 11), +28-259 (SEQ ID NO. 12), +45-259 (SEQ ID NO. 13), +72-259 (SEQ ID NO. 14), as well as +72-115 (SEQ ID NO. 15), but had little to no reactivity against protein fragments covering residues +105-322 (SEQ ID NO. 9) and +105-259 (SEQ ID NO. 10). These results indicate that the neutralizing activity may be mapped to residues +72-115 of H5N1 HA1. Amino acid sequence alignment of the HA1 region indicates that the +72-115 region is highly conserved (>90% homology) among hundreds of strains of H5N1 viruses causing human and non-human influenza infections, implying that the identified neutralizing MAbs recognized a highly conserved region of IAV HA1. These results also demonstrated that the identified neutralizing MAbs had very low to no reactivity with overlapping peptides covering the full-length HA indicated by low OD₄₅₀ values detected by ELISA. The overlapping peptides have been known to be of a linear structure, without forming the native conformation of the HA structure. In contrast, recombinant proteins expressing different HA1 fragments of H5N1 virus fused with Fd and Fc, which were used for the above antibody reactivity detection, maintain the native trimeric structure of the HA protein. However, when the conformation of these HA1 fusion proteins were destroyed by denaturing reagent, such as DTT, their reactivity with the two MAbs was decreased to a large extent. Thus, the fact that the MAbs had strong reactivity with native recombinant HA1 proteins but low to no reactivity with DTT-treated denatured HA proteins or overlapping peptides covering this region suggests that the identified neutralizing MAbs recognized conformational structures similar to the native HA proteins of H5N1 virus.

Furthermore, the results demonstrated that both neutralizing MAbs (HA-3 and HA-7) reacted strongly with HA1 proteins fused with the immunoenhancer Fc of human IgG1 (HA1-hFc) (SEQ ID NO. 6), trimeric motif foldon (Fd) sequences (HA1-Fd) (SEQ ID NO. 7), Fd plus Fc (HA1-Fd-hFc) (SEQ ID NO. 5) or HA1 protein alone (HA1-His) (SEQ ID NO. 8), but only background or no reactivity with recombinant Fc of human IgG1 (hFc) (SEQ ID NO. 4), commercial human IgG (IgG-Fc), Fd control protein fused with HIV gp41 (HIV-Fd) and a control protein comprised of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV (SARS RBD), indicating that the neutralizing MAbs are highly specific to the HA1 protein of H5N1. This is in part due to the highly selective screening regimen (HA1-His protein without Fd and Fc and inactivated H5N1 virus). Further experimentation determined that both neutralizing antibodies are of the IgG1 subtype.

Further embodiments within the scope of this disclosure include methods of preventing or treating influenza infections comprising administering a therapeutically-effective or prophylactically effective amount of a monoclonal antibody having specificity for an epitope having at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibodies disclosed herein includes an acceptable carrier and is formulated into a suitable dosage form according to administration modes. Pharmaceutical preparations suitable for administration modes are known, and generally include surfactants that facilitate transport across the membrane. Such surfactants may be derived from steroids, or may be cationic lipids such as N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), or various compounds such as cholesterol hemisuccinate and phosphatidyl glycerol.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be presented as discrete units, for example, capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions, syrups or suspensions (edible foam or whip formulations in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids); or emulsions.

For parenteral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation substantially isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. Excipients available for use in injectable solutions include, for example, water, alcohol, polyols, glycerin, and vegetable oils. Such a composition may be presented in unit-dose (single dose) or multiple dose (several doses) containers, for example, sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.

The pharmaceutical composition may include antiseptics, solubilizers, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, odorants, salts, buffering agents, coating agents, or anti-oxidants.

If desired, the present composition, in addition to the antibody or antibodies, may contain a therapeutically active agent.

The present composition may be formulated into dosage forms for use in humans or veterinary use.

In still another aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza by administering the aforementioned antibodie(s).

The composition comprising the antibodie(s) may be administered to influenza-infected or highly susceptible humans and livestock, such as cows, horses, sheep, swine, goats, camels, and antelopes, in order to prevent or treat the incidence of anthrax. When a subject is already infected, the present antibodie(s) may be administered alone or in combination with another antiviral treatment.

The antibody composition may be administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount in a single- or multiple-dose. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered via any of the common routes, as long as it is able to reach the desired tissue. Thus, the present composition may be administered via oral or parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, or intradermal administration) routes, and may be formulated into various dosage forms. In one embodiment, the formulation is an injectable preparation. Intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular and dropping injectable preparations are possible.

The antibody composition may be administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. The term “pharmaceutically effective amount”, as used herein, refers to an amount sufficient for treating or preventing diseases, which is commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable for medical treatment or prevention. An effective dosage amount of the composition may be determined depending on the severity of the illness, drug activity, the patient's age, weight, health state, gender and drug sensitivity, administration routes, drugs used in combination with the composition; and other factors known in medicine, and may be readily determined by those skilled in the art. The antibody composition may be administered as a sole therapeutic agent or in combination with other therapeutic agents, and may be administered sequentially or simultaneously with conventional therapeutic agents. This administration may be provided in single or multiple doses.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies

For the generation of MAbs specific to HA1, BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized with a recombinant HA1-Fd-hFc protein (SEQ ID NO. 5) which comprised HA1 (residues +3-322 of H5N1 HA [A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1)]) (SEQ ID NO. 2) fused with a trimeric Fd sequence (SEQ ID NO. 3) and an Fc immunoenhancer sequence (Fc of human IgG, hFc) (SEQ ID NO. 4) for four weeks at two week intervals. Three days after the last vaccination, the mice were sacrificed and the splenocytes fused with mouse myeloma cells (SP2/0). The hybridomas were screened by ELISA against an HA1-His protein (SEQ ID NO. 8) which comprised the same HA1 region as the immunogen but was not fused to Fd or hFc. Clones which had positive results against HA1-His were also screened against inactivated H5N1 virus of the homologous Anhui strain. Clones positive in both ELISA assays were then expanded, retested and subcloned to generate stable hybridoma cell lines. Twenty-five MAbs with high titer antibody responses were then screened for neutralizing activity against influenza virus in a pseudovirus neutralization assay including HA proteins of various isolates of influenza A viruses. The MAbs exhibiting neutralizing activity (HA-3 and HA-7) were then tested for passive protective immunity against two divergent strains of H5N1 virus. In addition, the MAbs were assayed by ELISA for specificity using recombinant HA1 proteins, or SARS RBD protein as controls. These two MAbs were further tested by ELISA for reactivity with recombinant proteins containing different portions of the HA1 fusion protein (HA1-Fd-hFc) to determine the potential binding sites and map the epitopes of the MAbs. Furthermore, overlapping peptides covering the full-length HA protein of A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) were also used as the targets for the epitope mapping of the MAbs, as well as detection of the conformation of the MAbs. At last, the mechanism of these two neutralizing MAbs was further analyzed using virus binding assay and post-attachment assay.

Example 2 Virus Neutralization Assay and Protective Effects

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) HA-2, HA-3, HA-6, HA-7, HA-8, HA-9, HA-10, HA-11, HA-12, HA-13, HA-14, HA-15, HA-17, HA-18, HA-19, HA-20, HA-21, HA-22, HA-23, HA-24, HA-25, HA-27, HA-28, HA-29 and HA-30 were tested in this assay.

An equal volume of H5N1 pseudovirus was added to wells containing the MAbs above and the plates incubated for 1 hr at 37° C. One hundred microliters of the virus/MAb mixture was then added to 293T cells plated 6-8 hr previously. Fifty microliters fresh FBS-DMEM medium was added 24 hr later and then luciferase activity was detected 72 hr later. H5N1 pseudoviruses used for the test include XJ-HA, QH-HA, AH-HA, HK-HA, and 1194-HA.

The protective potential of HA-3 and HA-7 MAbs against H5N1 influenza virus infection was detected in mice. Six to eight week old female BALB/c mice were infected with 5 LD₅₀ (50% lethal dose) of A/VietNam/1194/2004 (VN/1194, Glade 1) or A/Shenzhen/406H/06 (SZ/406H, Glade 2.3.4) H5N1 virus. Twenty-four hours later, the mice were intravenously (i.v.) injected with 0.5 ml of purified MAbs containing 1 mg of HA-3 or HA-7. The control group was given same amount of a MAb specific to the RBD protein of SARS-CoV. Six infected mice per group were observed daily for 14 days to calculate the survival rate and body weight change. Six mice from each group were sacrificed on day 5 post-treatment, and lung samples were collected for virological detection.

A total of 25 MAbs selected from the fusion of HA1-Fd-hFc protein-immunized mouse splenocytes were screened for neutralizing activity by the pseudovirus H5N1 neutralization assay. Two antibodies (HA-3 and HA-7) exhibited high titers of neutralizing activity that not only neutralized the homologous AH-HA strain but also neutralized heterologous XJ-HA, QH-HA, HK-HA and 1194-HA strains (FIGS. 1-5). Importantly, both HA-3 and HA-7 were able to neutralize over 95% of the H5N1 pseudoviruses, including XJ-HA, QH-HA, AH-HA and HK-HA, at the concentration as low as 0.7 mg/ml (FIG. 6).

All mice injected with HA-3 and HA-7 MAbs survived the infection with VN/1194 (Glade 1) (FIG. 7) and SZ/406H (Glade 2.3.4) (FIG. 8) H5N1 virus, while no mice from the control group (injected with MAb against RBD of SARS-CoV) survived infection with the above two viruses. In addition, no obvious body weight loss was observed in the mice immunized with HA-3 and HA-7 MAbs after infection with a lethal dose of VN/1194 (FIG. 9) or SZ/406H (FIG. 10) H5N1 virus, while the mice in the control group indicated continuous decrease of body weight, and none of them survived for over 10 days after infection with the virus. Observation of the viral titers in the infected mouse lung tissues indicated that no viral RNA was detectable in both HA-3 and HA-7-treated mice infected with VN/1194 and SZ/406H viruses, while a high level of viral RNA was detected in the control mice injected with the MAb specific to the RBD of SARS-CoV (FIG. 11). These results demonstrate that the two identified neutralizing MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 completely treated mice against lethal infection with Glade 1 and Glade 2.3.4 strains of H5N1 virus, indicating their use as passive immunotherapy for H5N1 virus infection.

Example 3 Specificity Detection and IgG Subtyping

ELISA plates were coated with the following purified proteins at a concentration of 1 mg/ml at 50 μl/well in 0.1 M carbonate buffer (pH 9.6): HA1-Fd-hFc (SEQ ID NO. 5), HA1-hFc (SEQ ID NO. 6), HA1-Fd (SEQ ID NO. 7), HA1-His (SEQ ID NO. 8), recombinant hIgG1-Fc2 protein (hFc) (SEQ ID NO. 4), commercial human IgG Fc protein (IgG-Fc) and foldon (Fd) fused with HIV-1 gp41 (HIV-Fd), as well as SARS RBD protein as controls. The plates were stored at 4° C. overnight to coat. The coated plates were then blocked using 2% nonfat milk in phosphate-buffered saline/Tween (PBST) for 2 hr at 37° C. The MAb-containing supernatants were diluted in sample buffer (1% nonfat milk) and incubated with the coated plates at 50 μl/well for 1 hr at 37° C. The plates were then washed three times in PBST. Goat anti-mouse IgG HRP (1:2000), IgG1 HRP (1:2000), IgG2a HRP (1:5000), IgG2b HRP (1:2000) was added at 50 μl/well for 1 hr at 37° C. For IgG3 detection, a goat anti-mouse IgG3 (1:1000) was added at 50 μl/well for 1 hr at 37° C., the plates were washed and then anti-goat HRP (1:5000) was added at 50 μl/well for 1 hr at 37° C. The plates were washed again and 50 μl/well 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added, followed by 25 μl/well 1N H₂SO₄ to stop the reaction.

Both neutralizing MAbs (HA-3 and HA-7) reacted strongly with recombinant HA1 proteins fused with the hFc (IgG1) immunoenhancer (HA1-hFc) (SEQ ID NO. 6), the trimeric Fd sequences (HA1-Fd), or the Fd plus hFc (HA1-Fd-hFc), and HA1 protein without the hFc and Fd (HA1-His), but only background levels of immunoreactivity were seen with hFc, IgG-Fc and the recombinant control proteins HIV-Fd and SARS RBD (FIG. 12). In addition, these two MAbs had strong reactivity with inactivated H5N1 virus, but low to no reactivity with 2009 swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 and 2009/2010 seasonal influenza virus strains consisting of H1N1, H3N2 influenza A virus, and influenza B virus (FIG. 13). The above results indicate that the selected MAbs are highly specific to the HA1 protein of H5N1 virus. Both neutralizing MAbs were determined to be IgG1 subtype (FIG. 14).

Example 4 Epitope Mapping

ELISA plates were coated with the following purified truncated HA1 protein fragments at a concentration of 1 μg/ml at 50 μl/well in 0.1 M carbonate buffer (pH 9.6): HA+3-322 (HA1-Fd-hFc) (SEQ ID NO. 5), HA+105-322 (SEQ ID NO. 9), HA+105-259 (SEQ ID NO. 10), HA+3-259 (HA-3-259) (SEQ ID NO. 11), HA+28-259 (SEQ ID NO. 12), HA+45-259 (SEQ ID NO. 13), HA+72-259 (SEQ ID NO. 14) and HA+72-115 (SEQ ID NO. 15). The plates were stored at 4° C. overnight to coat. The coated plates were then blocked using 2% nonfat milk in PBST for 2 hr at 37° C. The MAb-containing supernatants were diluted in sample buffer (1% nonfat milk) and incubated with the coated plates at 50 μl/well for 1 hr at 37° C. The plates were then washed three times in PBST. Goat anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at 1:2000 dilution was added at 50 μl/well for 1 hr at 37° C. The plates were washed again and 50 μl/well TMB was added, followed by 25 μl/well 1N H₂SO₄ to stop the reaction.

The ELISA data indicated that the two neutralizing MAbs (HA-3 and HA-7) reacted strongly with proteins covering the full-length HA1 of +3-322, and truncated HA1 fragments of +3-259, +28-259, +45-259, +72-259 and +72-115. However, these two MAbs had low to no reactivity with proteins containing HA+105-322 and HA+105-259 (FIG. 15). These results suggest that the two neutralizing antibodies are specific for an epitope mapped to amino acids +72-115 (NVPEWSYIVEKANPANDLCYPGNFN DYEELKHLLSRINHFEKIQ, SEQ ID NO:15) of the HA1 region of H5N1.

Analysis of the epitope amino acid sequences indicated that the residues +72-115 region are highly conserved (>90% homology) among hundreds of strains of H5N1 viruses covering different clades that cause human and non-human influenza infections.

The above HA1 proteins (SEQ ID NO. 5 and SEQ ID NO. 16-22) used for coating the ELISA plates were expressed in mammalian 293T cells and were fused with the foldon (Fd) trimeric sequence and human IgG1 Fc immunoenhancer, such that the proteins have the ability to maintain the native conformational structure of the HA protein. Therefore the two neutralizing MAbs can recognize the native conformation of the HA proteins.

Example 5 Reactivity to Overlapping Peptides and Denatured HA1 Fusion Proteins

ELISA plates were coated overnight at 4° C. with overlapping peptides (20 residues each overlapping 9 amino acid) covering the full-length HA protein (SEQ ID NO. 1) of A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) at a concentration of 10 μg/ml at 50 OweII in 0.1 M carbonate buffer (pH 9.6), and then blocked using 2% nonfat milk in PBST for 2 hr at 37° C. The MAbs were added to the coated plates at 50 μl/well for 1 hr at 37° C. The plates were then washed three times in PBST. Goat anti-mouse HRP (1:2000) was added at 50 μl/well for 1 hr at 37° C. The plates were washed again and 50 μl/well TMB was added, followed by 25 μl/well 1N H₂SO₄ to stop the reaction.

To detect the reactivity of MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 with denatured HA1 proteins, ELISA plates were coated with recombinant HA1 proteins at 1 μg/ml overnight at 4° C. Then the coated plates were treated with DTT (final concentration 10 mM) for 1 hr at 37° C., followed by washes with PBST. Then the wells were treated with 50 mM iodoacetamide for 1 hr at 37° C. After washing with PBST, ELISA was performed as above.

Neutralizing MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 had very low reactivity with overlapping peptides covering the full-length HA proteins of H5N1 (FIGS. 16A-C). These peptides were linear and did not form the native three-dimensional conformation of the HA structure. Similarly, the reactivity of MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 with DTT-treated HA1 fusion proteins decreased significantly, although these MAbs have strong reactivity with native forms of HA1 proteins (FIG. 17).

The fact that MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 had a strong reaction with recombinant proteins encompassing different fragments (covering +72-115 amino acids) of the HA1 of H5N1 with Fd and Fc (FIG. 17) but have little to no reactivity with denatured HA1 proteins (FIG. 17) or overlapping peptides covering this region (FIG. 16) indicates that the identified neutralizing MAbs recognize conformational structures similar to native HA proteins rather than linear structures.

Example 6 Mechanism of Inhibition by MAbs

Virus binding assays were performed using the QH-HA H5N1 pseudovirus. The virus was incubated with serial diluted MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 or IgG-Fc control antibody in DMEM containing 1% BSA at 4° C. overnight. MDCK cells were seeded in 96-well plates 24 hr before infection and blocked with DMEM containing 1% BSA (100 μl/well) at 4° C. for 1 hr. The mixture of virus and MAbs was then added to MDCK cells at 4° C. for 2 hr. Cells were then washed four times with PBS containing 1% BSA to remove unbound virus. The lysed cells were quantified for HIV p24 content by ELISA. Percentage of viral binding was expressed as relative percentage of the p24 reading from the cells without the antibodies (No MAb), which was set as 100%.

A post-attachment assay was performed using the QH-HA H5N1 pseudovirus. The virus was added to MDCK cells plated 18 hr before test, and incubated at 4° C. for 6 hr. After washing the cells three times with cold PBS to remove unbound virus, serially diluted MAbs HA-3 and HA-7, as well as control antibodies to SARS RBD and IgG-Fc, were added to the MDCK monolayer for 2 hr at 4° C. Fresh DMEM was added to the monolayer and cells were incubated at 37° C. Luciferase activity of the cells was then measured 72 hr post-infection. Percentage of viral entry was expressed as relative percentage of the luciferase reading from the cells without the antibodies (No Ab), which was set as 100% (% viral entry=luciferase reading of Abs/No Ab*100%).

Results from the virus binding assay showed that increasing the concentration of the two neutralizing MAbs did not decrease the binding of the virus to MDCK cells, which were similar to those from the negative control human IgG Fc (FIG. 18). These results suggest that the inhibition of H5N1 viruses by MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 is not through the process of blocking the receptor binding.

A post-attachment assay was further performed to characterize the mechanism of these two MAbs. Results depicted in FIGS. 19 and 20 indicates that both HA-3 and HA-7 inhibited the post-attachment processes in a dose-dependant manner, while the negative controls Abs (SARS RBD and human IgG-Fc) did not neutralize virus entry even at the highest concentration of 10 μg/ml, confirming that MAbs HA-3 and HA-7 inhibited virus entry at the post-attachment process rather than the receptor binding process.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or consisting essentially of language. When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the transition term “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claims. The transition term “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s). Embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein.

Furthermore, numerous references have been made to patents and printed publications throughout this specification. Each of the above-cited references and printed publications are individually incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described. 

1. A neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin.
 2. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
 3. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said antibody is a mouse antibody.
 4. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said antibody is a humanized antibody.
 5. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said antibody is a chimeric antibody.
 6. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said antibody is an antibody fragment.
 7. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said epitope has at least 95% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin.
 8. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said epitope has at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin.
 9. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said antibody is produced by hybridoma HA-3 (ATCC accession number ______).
 10. The neutralizing antibody of claim 1 wherein said antibody is produced by hybridoma HA-7 (ATCC accession number ______).
 11. A pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody according to claim
 1. 12. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 11 wherein said formulation further comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 13. A method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody of claim 1 and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. 